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The Turkmens or Turkomans ((トルクメン語:Türkmen/Түркмен), plural Türkmenler/Түркменлер) are a Turkic people located primarily in Central Asia, in the state of Turkmenistan, as well as in Iran, Afghanistan, North Caucasus (Stavropol Krai), and northern Pakistan. They speak the Turkmen language, which is classified as a part of the Eastern Oghuz branch of the Turkic languages. Examples of other Oghuz languages are Turkish, Azerbaijani, Qashqai, Gagauz, Khorasani, and Salar.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=UCLA Language Materials Project: Main )〕 Central Asian Turkmens are not to be confused with the Turkmens (or the Turcomans) of the Near East, found primarily in Iraq (see Iraqi Turkmens), Syria (see Syrian Turkmens) and Turkey (see Yörüks), with whom they only share their ethnonym due to the fact that "Turkmen" was once a generic ethnonym for Oghuz Turkic tribes which had embraced Islam.〔Larry Clark. (Turkmen Reference Grammar ). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1998; p. 11. ISBN 9783447040198〕 ==Origins== Originally, all Turkic tribes that were not part of the Turkic dynastic mythological system (for example, Uigurs, Karluks, Ethans and a number of other tribes) were designated ''"Turkmens"''. Only later did this word come to refer to a specific ethnonym. The etymology of the term derives from ''Türk'' plus the Sogdian affix of similarity ''-myn'', ''-men'', and means "resembling a Türk" or "co-Türk".〔Yu. Zuev, ''"Early Türks: Essays on history and ideology"'', Almaty, Daik-Press, 2002, p. 157, 〕 A prominent Turkic scholar, Mahmud Kashgari, also mentions the etymology ''Türk manand'' (like Turks). The language and ethnicity of the Turkmen were much influenced by their migration to the west. Kashgari calls the Karluks Turkmen as well, but the first time the etymology Turkmen was used was by Makdisi in the second half of the 10th century AD. Like Kashgari, he wrote that the Karluks and Oghuz Turks were called Turkmen. Some modern scholars have proposed that the element ''-man/-men'' acts as an intensifier, and have translated the word as "pure Turk" or "most Turk-like of the Turks".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Turkmenistan : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress )〕 Among Muslim chroniclers such as Ibn Kathir, the etymology was attributed to the mass conversion of two hundred thousand households in 971 AD, causing them to be named ''Turk Iman'', which is a combination of "Turk" and "Iman" إيمان (faith, belief), meaning "believing Turks", with the term later dropping the hard-to-pronounce ''hamza''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=البداية والنهاية/الجزء الحادي عشر )〕 Historically, all of the Western or Oghuz Turks have been called ''Türkmen'' or ''Turkoman'';〔 Glenn E. Curtis, ed. "Origins and Early History", Turkmenistan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1996. pg. 13〕 however, today the terms are usually restricted to two Turkic groups: the Turkmen people of Turkmenistan and adjacent parts of Central Asia, and the Turkomans of Iraq and Syria. During the Ottoman period these nomads were known by the names of Türkmen and Yörük or Yürük (Türkic ''"Nomad"'', other phonetic variations include ''Iirk, Iyierk, Hiirk, Hirkan, Hircanae, Hyrkan, Hyrcanae'', the last four known from the Greek annals).〔M.Zakiev, ''"Origin of Türks and Tatars"'', p.474 on, Moscow, "Insan", 2002, ISBN 5-85840-317-4 〕 These names were generally used to describe their nomadic way of life, rather than their ethnic origins. However, these terms were often used interchangeably by foreigners. At the same time, various other exoethnonym words were used for these nomads, such as 'Konar-göçer', 'Göçebe', 'Göçer-yörük', 'Göçerler', and 'Göçer-evliler'. The most common one among these was 'Konar-göçer' - nomadic Turcoman Turks. All of these words are found in Ottoman archival documents and carry only the meaning of 'nomad'. The modern Turkmen people descend, at least in part, from the Oghuz Turks of Transoxiana, the western portion of Turkestan, a region that largely corresponds to much of Central Asia as far east as Xinjiang. Oghuz tribes had moved westward from the Altay mountains in the 7th century AD, through the Siberian steppes, and settled in this region. They also penetrated as far west as the Volga basin and the Balkans. These early Turkmens are believed to have mixed with native Sogdian peoples and lived as pastoral nomads until the Russian conquest of the 19th century.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Amazon.com: Central Asians under Russian Rule: A Study in Culture Change (Cornell Paperbacks) (9780801492112): Elizabeth E. Bacon, Michael M. J. Fischer: Books )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Turkmens」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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